Mzantsi Medics

Section Contents:

• Antiarrhythmic Drugs.
• Adrenoceptor agonists.
• Antiplatelets.
• Benzodiazepine antagonist.
• Anaesthetic Agents
• Angina Drugs
• Antithrombotic Drugs
• Fibrinolytics.
• Antihypertensive medication.
• Antidiabetic Drugs.
• Muscle Relaxants.
• Antidepressants.
• Antipsychotics
• Antiepileptics
• Antivirals
• …
  

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Lignocaine (Lidocaine)
Classification: amide-type local anaesthetic and Class 1B antiarrhythmic (Shortens Repolarisation) (Kundra & Vinayagam, 2020); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 140).

Amiodarone
Classification: Class 3 antiarrhythmic (Șorodoc et al., 2024); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 142).

Sotalol / Sotalol Hydrochloride
Classification: Class 3 antiarrhythmic, which possesses Class 2 activity (non-selective β-Blocker and K channel blocker) (Rossiter, 2022, p. 143); (Rizkallah & Refaat, 2023).

Adenosine
Classification: Endogenous purine nucleoside autacoid that signals through four G protein-coupled adenosine receptor subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 (Borea et al., 2018).

Digoxin
Classification: Cardiac glycoside (Patocka et al., 2020).

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Magnesium Sulphate 50%
Classification: Electrolyte with anticonvulsant, calcium-antagonistic, and NMDA-blocking properties (Marín et al., 2025); (Soleimanpour et al., 2022); (Mathew & Panonnummal, 2021).

Metoprolol tartrate
Classification: cardioselective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker (Hamadeh et al., 2014); (Vinereanu et al., 2020).

Esmolol
Classification: ultra-short-acting, cardioselective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker (Wiest & Haney, 2012); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 164).

Vaughan-Williams Classification of anti-arrhythmic agents
The Vaughan-Williams classification groups anti-arrhythmic agents into 4 according to the predominant electrophysiologic mechanism of action. This classification framework contains limitations (Lei et al., 2018).  Class I sodium-channel blockers, Class II beta-blockers, Class III action-potential prolonging drugs, and Class IV calcium-channel blockers. Class I is subdivided into Ia, Ib, and Ic according to effects on action potential duration and sodium-channel (Janse, 1994).

Class	Mechanism	Example
Class 1 IA: Prolongs repolarization. IB: Shortens repolarization. IC: No effect on repolarization.	Na channel Blockers	1-A: Procainamide, Quinidine. 1-B: Lignocaine. 1-C: Flecainide, Propafenone.
Class IV	Ca Channel Blockers (Non-dihydropyridine)	Verapamil Diltiazem
Class III	K Channel Blockers	Amiodarone Sotalol
Class II	β Blockers	Metoprolol Esmolol Propranolol

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Adrenoceptor agonists

Dobutamine
Classification: β1-Adrenergic receptor agonist; synthetic catecholamine (Farmakis et al., 2019).

(β1 > β2 > α)

	DoButamine	Dopamine
Naturality	Synthetic	Natural
Receptor affinity	β1 > β2 > α	D1 > β1 > α
Vasopressor	No	Yes
Noradrenaline secretion	No	Yes

Dopamine
Classification: kuningi.

(D1 > β1 > α).

Stimulation of NA secretion

Dose	Receptor	Organ	Effects	Indications
2-5 mcg/kg/min	D1	– Renal vasculature. – Mesenteric vascular bed	– Renal vasodilation – ↑renal blood flow – ↑GFR – ↑Na excretion	– Congestive Cardiac failure. – Acute Renal Failure
5-10 mcg/kg/min	β1	– Heart	– ↑ Cardiac contractility(inotropy). – ↑ Heart Rate (chronotropy)	– Congestive Cardiac failure. – Cardiogenic shock. – Septic Shock.
10-20 mcg/kg/min	α1	– Vascular smooth mm	– Peripheral vasoconstriction. – ↑ BP.	– Acute symptomatic hypotension (Adjunct to fluid resuscitation)

Adrenaline / Epinephrine
Classification: endogenous catecholamine, sympathomimetic agonist, and non-selective adrenergic receptor agonist (Baker & Summers, 2024); (Motiejunaite et al., 2021); (Xu et al., 2023),(Rossiter, 2022, p. 144).

Receptor affinity β1 = β2; α1 = α2

Isoproterenol
Classification: catecholamine; sympathomimetic nonselective β-adrenergic receptor agonist (Bader Eddin et al., 2025).

(β1 = β2 >>α)

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Phenylephrine
Classification: sympathomimetic α1-adrenergic receptor agonist (Thiele et al., 2011).

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Antiplatelets

Aspirin / ASA (Acetylsalicylic acid)
Classification: platelet aggregation inhibitor; antithrombotic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Sun et al., 2025), .

…

Clopidogrel
Classification: antiplatelet drug, P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (Thomas et al., 2023).

…

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Atropine
Classification: Anticholinergic:  muscarinic receptor antagonist (Huang et al., 2023).

…

Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Classification: anti-VEGF recombinant humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody (Russo et al., 2017).

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Charcoal, Activated (Activated Carbon)

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Diazepam
Classification: long-acting benzodiazepine (Vitukade, 2024); (Dessai et al., 2024). Anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant (Vitukade, 2024).

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Lorazepam
Classification: benzodiazepine (Rundio, 2012). Anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and CNS depressant (Rundio, 2012); (Ameer & Greenblatt, 1981).

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Benzodiazepine antagonist

Flumazenil
Classification: competitive benzodiazepine antagonist (Kloeck, 2023, p. 22), (Whitwam & Amrein, 1995), (Rossiter, 2022, p. 457).

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Anaesthetic Agents

Etomidate
Classification: imidazole derivative, non-barbiturate sedative-hypnotic (Zheng et al., 2025), steroidogenesis enzyme inhibitor (Pence et al., 2022).

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Ketamine
Classification: dissociative anaesthetic, NMDA receptor antagonist (Zanos et al., 2018).

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Propofol
Classification: short-acting sedative-hypnotic (Sahinovic et al., 2018), 2,6-diisopropylphenol (Larijani et al., 1989).

Thiopental Sodium
Classification: ultra-short-acting thiobarbiturate (barbituric acid derivative) general anaesthetic (Čižmáriková et al., 2023), (Russo & Bressolle, 1998).

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Furosemide
Classification: Loop diuretic (Xue et al., 2025), (Boles Ponto & Schoenwald, 1990). BCS (Biopharmaceutics Classification System) Class IV (Pham et al., 2023).

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Glucose 50%

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ANGINA

Verapamil / Verapamil hydrochloride
Classification: phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker (Popović et al., 2020); nondihydropyridine CCB (Eisenberg et al., 2004), Class IV antiarrhythmic drug (Thipe et al., 2023).

Diltiazem
Classification: benzothiazepine calcium channel blocker (Özkaya & Yazganoğlu, 2014); nondihydropyridine CCB (Lee, 2023). Class 4 antiarrhythmic drug (Özkaya & Yazganoğlu, 2014).

	Dihydropyridine CCB	Non-Dihydropyridine CCB
Examples	Amlodipine Felodipine Nifedipine	Verapamil Diltiazem
MOA	Blocking active (opened) voltage-gated L-Type Calcium channels.	Blocking closed voltage-gated L-Type Calcium channels.
Areas of effects	Vascular smooth muscles – Peripheral arteries	Cardiac conduction system – SA node – AV node
Maximum Effects	Vasodilatation – Reduced Blood pressure	– Slow down rate of cardiac contractility. – Slow down rate of cardiac conduction.
Effect on Inotropy (contraction strength)	Nil	Reduces
Effect on Chronotropy (heart rate / contraction rate)	Nil	Reduces
Effect on dromotropy (impulse conduction velocity)	Nil	Reduces
Indications	– Hypertension – Angina pectoris – Raynaud’s phenomenon (Nifedipine) – Cerebrovascular events (nimodipine)	– Angina – PSVT – Atrial Fibrillation. – Atrial flutter – Hypertension.

ANTITHROMBOTICS

Enoxaparin
Classification: unfractionated heparin (UFH) derivative (Hao et al., 2019); Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) (Imbalzano et al., 2024);

Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)
Classification: unfractionated heparin (UFH).

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Antithrombotic Drugs

Warfarin
Classification: hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant (Hunt & Levi, 2018); Vitamin K antagonist (VKA) (Liu et al., 2022).

Antihaemorrhagic

Antifibrinolytic

Tranexamic Acid
Classification: synthetic lysine-derived analogue antifibrinolytic (Cai et al., 2020).

Vitamin K

Vitamin K1 / Phytomenadione / Phylloquinone (Konakion Injectable)
Classification: fat-soluble (Pawaria et al., 2023) antihemorrhagic vitamin (Simes et al., 2020).

Protamine sulfate (PS)
Classification: unfractionated heparin (UFH) reversal antidote (Levy et al., 2023); cationic arginine-rich polypeptide (protein) (Li, 2019).

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Hypertension

HCT (Hydrochlorothiazide)
Classification: thiazide-type diuretic (benzothiadiazine ring) (Ernst & Fravel, 2022); antihypertensive diuretic (Mendes et al., 2016); Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV (Mendes et al., 2016).

Indapamide
Classification: thiazide-like diuretic (Ernst & Fravel, 2022); antihypertensive diuretic (Caruso et al., 1983).

Amlodipine
Classification: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) (Jambhale & Afifa, 2025).

Felodipine
Classification: vascular-selective (Navadiya & Tiwari, 2015) Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) (McDonagh et al., 2025); BCS Class II [low solubility and high permeability] (Fuhr et al., 2022).

Nifedipine
Classification: 1,4-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (Triggle, 2003); L-type calcium channel blocker (Devi Sri et al., 2025).

Captopril
Classification: ACE inhibitor (Kendall et al., 1982). First orally active ACE inhibitor (Heel et al., 1980).

Enalapril / Enalapril maleate
Classification: ACE inhibitor (Seifi et al., 2024); nonsulfhydryl, orally active prodrug (Thind, 1990).

Lisinopril
Classification: ACE inhibitor (Lancaster & Todd, 1988); nonsulfhydryl, orally active prodrug (Thind, 1990).

Candesartan / Candesartan cilexetil
Classification: angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Michel et al., 2013).

Irbesartan
Classification: angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Michel et al., 2013).

Losartan / Losartan potassium
Classification: angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Michel et al., 2013).

Valsartan
Classification: angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Siddiqui, 2011).

Telmisartan
Classification: angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (Chen et al., 2025).

Amiloride-Hydrochlorothiazide (Combo)

Classification: K-sparring diuretic.

[Adco-Retic]

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Diabetes

Metformin
Classification: biguanide (Singh et al., 2025).

Glibenclamide
Classification: 2^nd generation sulfonylurea (Kurland et al., 2013).

Gliclazide
Classification: 2^nd Generation Sulfonylurea (Mapa et al., 2020).

Glipizide
Classification: 2^nd Generation Sulfonylurea (Lebovitz, 1985).

Glimepiride
Classification: Sulfonylurea (Azhar et al., 2025).

Dapagliflozin
Classification: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor (Plosker, 2012).

Empagliflozin
Classification: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor (Forycka et al., 2022).

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Insulin: Short-Acting Human insulin

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Thyroid Hormones

Levothyroxine Sodium
Classification: synthetic T4 thyroid hormone replacement (Schiavo et al., 2021).

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Naloxone
Classification: competitive opioid receptor antagonist (Saari et al., 2024).

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Oxytocin
Classification: peptide hormone receptor; uterotonic or oxytocic agent (Hermesch et al., 2024).

ANTIEPILEPTICSzantsimedics.org

Phenobarbital Sodium
Classification: Barbiturate (Laxmi, 2017).

Primidone
Classification: phenobarbital metabolite (Johannessen & Johannessen Landmark, 2020).

Phenytoin
Classification: antiseizure hydantoin derivative (Patocka et al., 2020).

Clobazam
Classification: 1,5-benzodiazepine (Sankar, 2012); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 485).

Clonazepam
Classification: 1,4-benzodiazepine (Teli et al., 2023); (Ruiz Ramirez et al., 2025); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 484).

Diazepam
Classification: 1,4-benzodiazepine (Teli et al., 2023); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 485).

Lorazepam
Classification: 1,4-benzodiazepine (Teli et al., 2023); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 485).

Midazolam
Classification: 1,4-benzodiazepine (Teli et al., 2023); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 485).

Carbamazepine
Classification: tricyclic iminostilbene derivative (Rossiter, 2022, p. 486); BCS Class II (García et al., 2021).

Valproic Acid
Classification:  antiepileptic drug (AED) or antiseizure (Safdar & Ismail, 2023); Mood stabilising (Diederich et al., 2010) fatty acid (Rossiter, 2022, p. 488);

Antipsychotic Drugs

1^st generation (Typical) antipsychotics

Chlorpromazine
Classification: 1^st generation antipsychotic (D₂ receptor antagonist) (Leucht & Davis, 2022); phenothiazine derivative (Rossiter, 2022, p. 505), (Saha et al., 2016)

Flupentixol
Classification: 1^st generation antipsychotic (D₂ receptor antagonist); thioxanthene derivative (Rossiter, 2022, p. 505).

Zuclopenthixol
Classification: 1^st generation antipsychotic (D₂ receptor antagonist); thioxanthene derivative (Rossiter, 2022, p. 505).

Haloperidol
Classification: 1^st generation antipsychotic (D₂ receptor antagonist); butyrophenone neuroleptic (Rossiter, 2022, p. 505).

Clozapine
Classification: 2^nd generation antipsychotics (5HT_2A/2C + D₂ receptor antagonist) (Solmi et al., 2017); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 509).

Clotiapine
Classification: 2^nd generation antipsychotics (5HT_2A/2C + D₂ receptor antagonist); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 509).

Risperidone
Classification: 2^nd generation antipsychotics (5HT_2A/2C + D₂ receptor antagonist) (Solmi et al., 2017); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 509).

Olanzapine
Classification: 2^nd generation antipsychotics (5HT_2A/2C + D₂ receptor antagonist) (Solmi et al., 2017); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 509)..

Quetiapine
Classification: 2^nd generation antipsychotics (5HT_2A/2C + D₂ receptor antagonist) (Solmi et al., 2017); (Rossiter, 2022, p. 509)..

Atypical antipsychotics / 3rd Gen

Aripiprazole
Classification: Third-generation antipsychotic (Stelmach et al., 2023).

Lithium carbonate
Classification: Mood stabiliser (Nucci et al., 2026); inorganic lithium salt (Lyons & Gossell-Williams, 2024).

Mineral Supplement

Calcium Chloride

Potassium chloride 15%

Sodium Bicarbonate 8.4%

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Corticosteroids

Hydrocortisone
Classification: Natural glucocorticoid (Yang & Yu, 2021), corticosteroid (Kowalska & Szeleszczuk, 2024).

Methylprednisolone
Classification: synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid (Zhou et al., 2025).

Prednisone
Classification: synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid (Offor et al., 2025).

Betamethasone
Classification: synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid (Kochova et al., 2023).

Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
Classification: selective, direct factor Xa inhibitor (Kreutz, 2012).

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate)
Classification: cation-exchange resin (Varriale & Ngai, 2014); potassium-chelating agent (Labriola & Jadoul, 2020)

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Muscle Relaxation

Suxamethonium Chloride (Succinylcholine chloride)
Classification: depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) (Alvarellos et al., 2015).

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Atracurium besylate
Classification: benzylisoquinoline non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBA) (Clark-Price, 2022).

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Rocuronium
Classification: aminosteroid, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (Bevan, 1994).

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Fibrinolytics

Alteplase
Classification: fibrinolytic thrombolytic (Rashedi et al., 2024); Recombinant tPA thrombolytic (Morrow & Mutch, 2022).

Tenecteplase
Classification: fibrinolytic thrombolytic; genetically engineered tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Tanswell et al., 2002).

Reteplase
Classification: fibrinolytic thrombolytic; recombinant plasminogen activator, a mutant of alteplase (Nishanth et al., 2019).

Streptokinase
Classification: fibrinolytic thrombolytic; plasminogen activator (Rashedi et al., 2024); bacterial / microbial plasminogen activator (Adivitiya & Khasa, 2017).

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Antidepressants

Citalopram
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021).

Ecitalopram
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021)

Fluoxetine
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021)

Fluvoxamine
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021).

Paroxetine
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021).

Sertraline
Classification: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (Edinoff et al., 2021).

Amitriptyline hydrochloride
Classification: TCA antidepressant (Jørgensen et al., 2021).

Clomipramine
Classification: TCA antidepressant (Jørgensen et al., 2021).

Imipramine hydrochloride
Classification: TCA antidepressant (Jørgensen et al., 2021).

Trimipramine
Classification: TCA antidepressant (Jørgensen et al., 2021).

Dosulepin
Classification: TCA antidepressant(Jørgensen et al., 2021).

.	Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA)	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
MOA	Inhibit the re-uptake of both NA and 5-HT at presynaptic terminal membrane. This results in increased levels of NA and 5-HT in the synaptic cleft.	Only Inhibit the re-uptake of 5-HT at presynaptic terminal membrane
Example	– Amitriptyline hydrochloride – Clomipramine hydrochloride – Imipramine hydrochloride – Trimipramine – Dosulepin	– Citalopram – Imipramine hydrochloride – Escitalopram – Trimipramine – Dosulepin

5-HT = 5-Hydroxytrptamine (Serotonin); NA = Noradrenaline

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Antimalarials

Mefloquine
Classification: quinoline-based (Mereddy & Ronayne, 2018) chemoprophylaxis (Jong & Nothdurft, 2001).

Atovaquone/Proguanil
Classification: fixed dose combination (McKeage & Scott, 2003); Chemoprophylaxis (Jong & Nothdurft, 2001); Atovaquone is a naphthoquinone (Baggish & Hill, 2002) and Proguanil is a biguanide derivative (LakshmanaRao, 2017).

Doxycycline
Classification: Tetracycline antibiotic (Holmes & Charles, 2009); Chemoprophylaxis (Jong & Nothdurft, 2001).

Artemether/Lumefantrine
Classification: artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) (Makanga & Krudsood, 2009). Artemether is an artemisinin derivative (Patel et al., 2012) and Lumefantrine is a aryl-amino alcohol.

Artesunate
Classification: artemisinin derivative (Kouakou et al., 2019).

Vaccines

Hepatitis A inactivated vaccine

Hepatitis B vaccine

ANTIVIRALS

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Classification: neuraminidase (sialidase) inhibitor.

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Classification: neuraminidase (sialidase) inhibitor.

Acyclovir

Classification: Nucleoside analogue.

Famciclovir

Classification: Nucleoside analogue.

Ganciclovir

Classification: Nucleoside analogue.

Valaciclovir

Classification: Nucleoside analogue.

Intravenous fluids

Sodium chloride 0.9%

Hypertonic Saline

Abbreviation	Latin	English
a.c.	ante cibum	Before Food.
b.d.	bis die	Twice daily.
o.d.	omni die	Every day.
o.m.	omni mane	Every morning.
o.n.	omni nocte	Every night.
p.c.	post cibum	After food
p.r.n.	pro re nata	When required.
q.d.s	quater die sumendus	To be taken 4 times daily.
q.i.d.	quater in die	4 times daily.
stat	statim	Immediately.
t.d.s	ter die sumendus	To be taken 3 times daily.
t.i.d.	ter in die	3 times daily.

…

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